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[53] David I of Scotland invaded the north on the news of Henry's death, taking Carlisle, Newcastle and other key strongholds. 280283; Bradbury pp. [185] The Second Crusade was announced, and many Angevin supporters, including Waleran of Beaumont, joined it, leaving the region for several years. Weiler, Bjorn. Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 10661284. [2], During the First Crusade, Stephen-Henry had acquired a reputation for cowardice, and he returned to the Levant again in 1101 to rebuild his reputation; there he was killed at the battle of Ramlah. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the [94] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. King, Edmund. From stephanos. [232] Henry of Huntingdon, who lived in the east of England, produced the Historia Anglorum that provides a regional account of the reign. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. [113] The incident successfully removed any military threat from the bishops, but it may have damaged Stephen's relationship with the senior clergy, and in particular with his brother Henry. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the [22] Stephen had intended to sail on the same ship but changed his mind at the last moment and got off to await another vessel, either out of concern for overcrowding on board the ship, or because he was suffering from diarrhoea. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. (1990) "The End of Stephen's Reign,", Yoshitake, Kenji. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. Keith Stringer argues that Stephen "was surely right" to seize the castles, and that the act was a "calculated display of royal masterfulness"; Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow praise the military soundness of the tactic. He left his father and returned home to Cambridge to gather more funds for a fresh campaign, where he fell ill and died the next month. Adela was one of the major reasons for Stephen-Henry deciding to return to the Levant in 1101; Edmund King notes that she gave her husband "very active encouragement" to return; Stephen's brother William was described by chroniclers as being "deficient in intelligence second rate"; he also took a strange oath in, Contemporary chroniclers varied in their explanation for Stephen's absence from the, There has been extensive speculation as to the cause of the sinking of the. Stephen did not participate in the Second Crusade himself due to internal conflicts in his kingdom. [80] As part of this deal, Louis recognised Stephen's son Eustace as Duke of Normandy in exchange for Eustace giving fealty to the French King. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. [116][nb 16] The Empress stayed at Arundel Castle, whilst Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, a capable military leader who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King. Baldwin de Redvers crossed over from Normandy to Wareham in August in an initial attempt to capture a port to receive the Empress Matilda's invading army, but Stephen's forces forced him to retreat into the south-west. 159160; Chibnall, pp. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . War and society in medieval and early modern Britain. Common until the late 18th century. [141] He was initially left confined in relatively good conditions, but his security was later tightened and he was kept in chains. Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester. [185] In 1147 Robert of Gloucester died peacefully, and the next year the Empress Matilda left south-west England for Normandy, both of which contributed to reducing the tempo of the war. [77], The security of Normandy was also a concern. [8], Stephen had at least four brothers and one sister, along with two probable half-sisters. The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. [13], Henry responded by forming a network of alliances with the western counties of France against Louis, resulting in a regional conflict that would last throughout Stephen's early life. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. 1038), Blood on Their Hands, and Sex on Their Minds. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [1][nb 1] His father was Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres, an important French nobleman, and an active crusader, who played only a brief part in Stephen's early life. [49] Henry of Blois delivered the support of the church to Stephen: Stephen was able to advance to Winchester, where Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor, instructed the royal treasury to be handed over to Stephen. [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. [229] Stephen probably had three illegitimate sons, Gervase, Abbot of Westminster, Ralph and Americ, by his mistress Damette; Gervase became abbot in 1138, but after his father's death he was removed by Henry in 1157 and died shortly afterwards. [240], Stephen remains a popular subject for historical study: David Crouch suggests that after King John he is "arguably the most written-about medieval king of England". WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [91] Robert had tried to convince Theobald to take the throne in 1135; he did not attend Stephen's first court in 1136 and it took several summonses to convince him to attend court at Oxford later that year. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. 1 SEASON. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. Opinions vary considerably among historians as to the date of Stephen's birth. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. The north of England was now controlled by David and Prince Henry, Stephen had abandoned Wales, the fighting in Normandy had considerably destabilised the duchy, and an increasing number of barons felt that Stephen had given them neither the lands nor the titles they felt they deserved or were owed. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. [156] Further negotiations attempted to deliver a general peace agreement but the Queen was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen. Stephen died the following year. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! 187188. [171] Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou finished securing his hold on southern Normandy and in January 1144 he advanced into Rouen, the capital of the duchy, concluding his campaign. [91] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". King (2010), pp. [218] Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him; Stephen promised to listen to Henry's advice, but retained all his royal powers; Stephen's remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands; key royal castles would be held on Henry's behalf by guarantors, whilst Stephen would have access to Henry's castles; and the numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home. David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire. WebWhat does Stephen mean? It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". The garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, but Stephen had lost an opportunity to capture his principal opponent. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [222] Historian Graham White describes the treaty of Winchester as a "precarious peace", in line with the judgement of most modern historians that the situation in late 1153 was still uncertain and unpredictable. Several of the key chronicles were written in the south-west of England, including the Gesta Stephani, or "Acts of Stephen", and William of Malmesbury's Historia Novella, or "New History". [29], Stephen was a well established figure in Anglo-Norman society by 1135. Carpenter, p. 173; Davis, p. 68; Crouch (2008b), p. 47. [44], When news began to spread of Henry I's death, many of the potential claimants to the throne were not well placed to respond. His friend and advisor Waleran was one of those who decided to defect in mid-1141, crossing into Normandy to secure his ancestral possessions by allying himself with the Angevins, and bringing Worcestershire into the Empress's camp. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". (1984) "The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign". The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. [71] Stephen gave out grants of land and favours to those present and endowed numerous church foundations with land and privileges. Common until the late 18th century. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. [155] Queen Matilda and William of Ypres then encircled the Angevin forces with their own army, reinforced with fresh troops from London. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. [90], Stephen was attacked on several fronts during 1138. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the He was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. Writing Medieval Biography, 7501250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. From stephanos. 1718. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [134] The King commanded the centre of his army, with Alan of Brittany on his right and William of Aumale on his left. Crouch (2002), p. 269; White (1998), p. 133. 278279; Crouch (2002), p. 276. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. 279280; Bradbury, p. 187. [233] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was past its prime by the time of Stephen but is remembered for its striking account of conditions during "the Anarchy". [27] Matilda claimed the title of Holy Roman Empress through her marriage to Emperor Henry V, but her husband died in 1125, and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy. Crouch (2008a), p. 29; King (2010), pp. [227] Stephen's son William was confirmed as the Earl of Surrey by Henry, and prospered under the new regime, with the occasional point of tension with Henry. [96] These forces were either feudal levies, drawn up by local nobles for a limited period of service during a campaign, or, increasingly, mercenaries, who were expensive but more flexible and often more skilled. [110] Stephen responded by demanding that Roger and the other bishops surrender all of their castles in England. [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. [116] The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at Arundel instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. (Official Music Video) Stephen Sharer 9.25M subscribers Subscribe 192K Share Save 32M views 3 years ago MORE MUSIC VIDEOS!! The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. (1994) "The Castles of the Anarchy," in King, Edmund. [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. [234] Most of the chronicles carry some bias for or against Stephen, Robert of Gloucester or other key figures in the conflict. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. 136137; Crouch (2002), p. 245. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). [195] Stephen's second son, William, was married to the extremely wealthy heiress Isabel de Warenne. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. [124] Stephen started by attacking Wallingford Castle, held by the Empress's childhood friend Brien FitzCount, only to find it too well defended. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. After the Welsh victory at the battle of Llwchwr in January 1136 and the successful ambush of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare in April, south Wales rose in rebellion, starting in east Glamorgan and rapidly spreading across the rest of south Wales during 1137. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . [168] He threatened to execute Geoffrey unless the Earl handed over his various castles, including the Tower of London, Saffron Walden and Pleshey, all important fortifications because they were in, or close to, London. WebStephen Hawking. [3][nb 3] Stephen's remaining older brother, Odo, died young, probably in his early teens. Common until the late 18th century. [113] Stephen sent Aubrey de Vere II as his spokesman to the council, who argued that Roger of Salisbury had been arrested not as a bishop, but rather in his role as a baron who had been preparing to change his support to the Empress Matilda. Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 10001226. [79] Stephen himself only returned to the duchy in 1137, where he met with Louis VI and Theobald to agree to an informal regional alliance, probably brokered by Henry, to counter the growing Angevin power in the region. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. [90] An illegitimate son of Henry I and the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, Robert was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy. [99] Dover finally surrendered to the queen's forces later in the year. The spelling as King, Edmund. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. [225] He began issuing royal writs for the south-west of England once again and travelled to York where he held a major court in an attempt to impress upon the northern barons that royal authority was being reasserted. [213] As a result, instead of a battle ensuing, members of the church brokered a truce, to the annoyance of both Stephen and Henry. [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. [52][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. [95] The armies of the period centred on bodies of mounted, armoured knights, supported by infantry and crossbowmen. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. 50m. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. WebStephen Hawking. His father died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [246] Historian Keith Stringer provides a more positive portrayal of Stephen, arguing that his ultimate failure as king was the result of external pressures on the Norman state, rather than the result of personal failings. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. Cultural depictions of Stephen, King of England, Review of King Stephen, (review no. Westminster Abbey and its people, c.1050-c.1216. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [166], In late 1143, Stephen faced a new threat in the east, when Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, rose up in rebellion against him in East Anglia. Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions. [70] The Easter court was a lavish event, and a large amount of money was spent on the event itself, clothes and gifts. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. [189] The Angevin plan involved Ranulf agreeing to give up his claim to Carlisle, held by the Scots, in return for being given the rights to the whole of the Honour of Lancaster; Ranulf would give homage to both David and Henry FitzEmpress, with Henry having seniority. Jim Bradbury provides an accessible summary of the argument as to the extent of "the Anarchy". [222] After a busy summer in 1154, however, Stephen travelled to Dover to meet Thierry, Count of Flanders; some historians believe that the King was already ill and preparing to settle his family affairs. [173], After 1143 the war ground on, but progressing slightly better for Stephen. WebWhat does Stephen mean? In return, Stephen confirmed the English possessions of David's son Henry, including the Earldom of Huntingdon. One potential explanation is his general courtesy to a member of his extended family; another is that he was starting to consider how to end the war peacefully, and saw this as a way of building a relationship with Henry.