Although widely read in Greek literature, he made mistakes of translation that would be unnatural if he had spent any length of time in Greece and had acquired the command of Greek normal among his contemporaries. Kazakhstan Food Recipes, He received education in philosophy and rhetoric. These electoral irregularities include the unprecedented failure to reach a majority (217), the nullification of the consul-designate on religious grounds (216), an episode of candidate nullification (215), three failures by parties of interest (Fabius twice, Fulvius once) to recuse themselves (215, 214, 210) from the proceedings, the election of two legally unqualified candidates (212 and 206), and finally a season marked by such bad weather that the election for 202 could not be held until after the March 15 inauguration day. Livia Drusilla was the daughter of Livius Drusus Claudianus and Alfidia. Diocletian divided the Roman Empire, choosing the eastern half for himself, making Milan the seat of the western half of the empire, from which Maximian ruled, in the late 3rd and early 4th century AD. Lucretia, winner of the contest of womanly virtue, caused Sextus Tarquinius to lust for her. "[14] Because Livy was mostly writing about events that had occurred hundreds of years earlier, the historical value of his work was questionable, although many Romans came to believe his account to be true. As he composed a significant portion of his work during Augustus reign, the history he gives specifically revolves around the great triumphs of Rome. 4.7 out of 5 stars 308. "[12] Because Livy was mostly writing about events that had occurred hundreds of years earlier, the historical value of his work was questionable, although many Romans came to believe his account to be true. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Originally from the city of Patavium (modern-day Padua), Livy was a teenager during the 40s BCE, when a number of civil wars took place throughout the Roman world. He brought a lot of change to Rome and was a very strong leader. FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. It is therefore likely[citation needed] that the Roman civil wars prevented Livy from pursuing a higher education in Rome or going on a tour of Greece, which was common for adolescent males of the nobility at the time. Concerns when treating geriatric patients with psychotherapeutic drugs include all of the following EXCEPT: A. As early as Tacitus, Livian scholarship has struggled to resolve the "Livian paradox," the conflict between Livy's support of the Roman Republic and his overt approval of Augustus, who brought about the end of the Republic. The piece may be useful support for an essay arguing that Ancient Rome was a patriarchy, as Flannery clearly depicts the grievances wrought upon the female, Since she took her personal matters into her own hands, she decided to punish the product of the infidelity by having Lyssa inflict insanity on the man. He was born on September 23, 63 BC, and died in August 19, AD. Claudius numerous attempts to control the tribunal failed. [citation needed], During the Middle Ages, due to the length of the work, the literate class was already reading summaries rather than the work itself, which was tedious to copy, expensive, and required a lot of storage space. Livys most prominent work was his history of Rome. There were anthologies of the speeches and also concise summaries, two of which survive in part, a 3rd-century papyrus from Egypt (containing summaries of Books 3740 and 4855) and a 4th-century summary of contents (known as the Periochae) of the whole work. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Two stories reflect the magnitude of the task. The entire work survives in two separate manuscripts, Armenian and Greek (Christesen and Martirosova-Torlone 2006). Many years later, Asinius Pollio derisively commented on Livy's "patavinity", saying that Livy's Latin showed certain "provincialisms" frowned on at Rome. Livy harboured a deep love and pride for his native city and often expressed it through his writing. His writings carry several fundamental mistakes on military matters, demonstrating that he never was part of the Roman army. It is believed that he had considerable financial resources to lead an independent life. The writings of Titus Livy give a gateway to seeing the ideal Roman citizen. Aside from fragments appearing in quotes from grammarians and others, and a short section concerning the death of the orator and politician Cicero from Book 120, the only source of information on Books 46 to 142 are the summaries. John Shepherd Wiki, The good Roman soldier fights his way to freedom or falls on his sword. As a teenager in the 40s BCE, he witnessed a period of numerous civil wars that ravaged the Roman world. 1. The Magicians Pdf, One of the problems with Ancient History is the lack of documentary evidence. Through the writing, we see examples of the characteristics and how these characteristics showed what they valued. Pliny the Younger reported that Livy's celebrity was so widespread, a man from Cdiz travelled to Rome and back for the sole purpose of meeting him. Fabius claimed that the gravity of the war forced him to intervene. Contradictory information is available on the year of Livys birth. Lucius Verginius, Verginias father, stabbed her in the heart. Sadly, the work abruptly halts near the completion of book 45, which concerns events in Greece in the year 168 BC. But after the Battle of Cannae, the Romans refused to discuss or consider their POWs until they had won the war; such men were of no value. These variations may have occurred through scribal error or scribal license. He lived most of his life in Rome, where he had a prominent education and studied diligently. Livia as history most often knows her as the wife of Augustus for over fifty years from 38 BC her husbands death in 14 AD it a very long time in view of life expectancy in ancient Rome. Why did Titus livy write the heroes of the early republic? For some scholars, this implies that the final 20 books, in which Levy described the events between the Battle of Actium and 9 BCE, were written as an afterthought. It presupposed the composition of three books a year on average. A note in the Periochae of Book 121 reveals that the book was put out after Augustus death, which happened in 14 AD. Titus Larcius [1] [2] [3] (surnamed Flavus or Rufus; fl. To clarify his status, the victor of the civil war, Octavian Caesar, had wanted to take the title Romulus (the first king of Rome) but in the end accepted the senate proposal of Augustus. By a complex formula (made so by the 0 reference point not falling on the border of an Olympiad), these codes correspond to 59 BC for the birth, 17 AD for the death. Titus Livy, Heroes of the Early Republic. Roman Republics social structure was entirely based on wealth, freedom, property and heredity. He and Emperor Augustus were friends, and he also had close relationships with other members of the imperial family. at the best online prices at eBay! [15], Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son. Eusebius' work consists of two books: the Chronographia, a summary of history in annalist form, and the Chronikoi Kanones, tables of years and events. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Pompeius in such a panegyric that Augustus called him Pompeianus, and yet this was no obstacle to their friendship. 6.845-46 addresses the hero of the Second Punic War, Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator, whom Poseidonius apud Plut. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Livy: The History of Early Rome ~ Easton Press (1978, Hardcover, Leather at the best online prices at eBay! It also talked about the many important players who took part in the founding of Rome and the development of the Roman Republic. The Romans decided that Horatius had acted as his father would have and therefore was acquitted. In the preface to his history, he wrote that he would not mind if he was forgotten by history, as long as his work ensured the longevity of the memory of the deeds of the worlds pre-eminent nation". Because he was writing under the reign of Augustus, Livy's history emphasizes the great triumphs of Rome. Lucius Brutus, the founder of the Roman Republic in t During this time the law that was passed that unsettled all the woman was the Oppian laws. Their hero, Horatius, had killed a Roman. [17], Livy's reasons for returning to Padua after the death of Augustus (if he did) are unclear, but the circumstances of Tiberius' reign certainly allow for speculation. Titus Livius, better known simply as Livy, was a Roman historian known for authoring the monumental work, Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Books from the Foundation of the City), in which he documented the history of Rome and Roman people spanning from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own lifetime. There are not many people who have changed the course of history for their country and brought a new hope and dynasty to them in short years of rule. This law restricted womens use of luxury goods so to preserve resources for the war efforts. Later scholars began composing these in the first century AD. It seems that Livy had the financial resources and means to live an independent life, though the origin of that wealth is unknown. For Gaius was not alone in Syria, he had several battle-experienced generals with him, upon whom he could rely whilst he made the trip to Rome. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Livy, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Livy, Livy - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [13] In Livy's preface to his history, he said that he did not care whether his personal fame remained in darkness, as long as his work helped to "preserve the memory of the deeds of the worlds preeminent nation. [12], Livy's most famous work was his history of Rome. [ii] At the time of his birth, his home city of Patavium was the second wealthiest on the Italian peninsula, and the largest in the province of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy). Grind Meaning Gaming, Pollio then tried to get the information about their whereabouts from their slaves through bribery, but that did not work either. Livy composed his magnum opus, Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Books from the Foundation of the City), in Latin between 27 and 9 BCE. Internal evidence from the work itself shows that Livy had conceived the plan of writing the history of Rome in or shortly before 29 bc, and for this purpose he must have already moved to Rome, because only there were the records and information available. He devoted a large part of his life to his writings, which he was able to do because of his financial freedom. He is first heard of in Rome after Octavian (later known as the emperor Augustus) had restored stability and peace to the empire by his decisive naval victory at Actium in 31 bc. Livy wrote a 142 volume history of Rome entitled From the Foundation of the City. But there were many important factors that made Rome fall, but the most prominent were military, economic, and religious factors. Livy's only surviving work is commonly known as History of Rome (or Ab Urbe Condita, 'From the Founding of the City'). How does he use his History to convey his message? [6] "He was by nature a recluse, mild in temperament and averse to violence; the restorative peace of his time gave him the opportunity to turn all his imaginative passion to the legendary and historical past of the country he loved. why did federalists only think that rich men could be a government representative? A farmer has 19 sheep All but 7 die How many are left? How are public schools especially helpful for recent immigrants? Once it is over she is filled with grief and guilt about the act. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. Titus Livius (Latin:[titus liwius]; 59 BC AD 17), known in English as Livy (/lvi/ LIV-ee), was a Roman historian. A scholar and translator, he translated Livy's The Early History of Rome (Books IV) and The War with Hannibal (Books XXIXXX), The Histories of Herodotus and The Campaigns of Alexander by Arrian, all for the Penguin Classics. Titus Livius[a] (/lvis/ LIV-ee-s, Latin:[tts liw.s]; 64/59 BC AD 12/17), known as Livy (/lvi/ LIV-ee) in English, was a Roman historian. 00. All the Julio-Claudian emperors were her direct descendants: Tiberius was her son; Gaius (Caligula) , her great-grandson; Claudius , her grandson; Nero , her great-great-grandson. It goes on to narrate the expulsion of the kings in 509 BCE and the formation of the Roman Republic, before arriving at Livy's own time, during the rule of Emperor Augustus. Julius Caesar helped form the First Triumvirate and worked his way up to dictatorship. [20], Livy's History of Rome was in high demand from the time it was published and remained so during the early years of the empire. Livy has played a great contribution in explaining how Romans thought history took place and he has helped shape modern notions of the Roman world, sometimes beyond his own expectation and even in a few places beyond his intention. Ab Urbe Condita that. titus livius, better known simply as livy, was a roman historian known for authoring the monumental work, 'ab urbe condita libri' (books from the foundation of the city), in which he documented the history of rome and roman people spanning from the earliest legends of rome before the traditional foundation in 753 bc through the reign of augustus One can see several dark exceptions, but Greeks usually did not kill other Greeks except under special circumstances. Get access to all 2 pages and additional benefits: The history of Rome from Titus Livius' point of view. Livy started by writing and putting out in units of five books, and their sizes were regulated by the ancient papyrus roll. These were made from the 1st century ad onward, because the size of the complete work made it unmanageable. The timber was called the Sisters Beam. However, how that wealth was created is not known. Laurentius Valla published an amended text initiating the field of Livy scholarship. [8] Top Of The World Lyrics Bridgit Mendler, The citizens came across Cinna the poet. Due to the financial freedom he had, he was able to predominantly focus on his writings for most of his life. Most of his life must have been spent at Rome, and at an early stage he attracted the interest of Augustus and was even invited to supervise the literary activities of the young Claudius (the future emperor), presumably about ad 8. The issue of the ruling of Rome comes later in the excerpt. Verginius was the first to be given the rank. His birth name was Gaius Octavius Thurinus, but people usually called him Octavian. [2], Livy was born in Patavium in northern Italy, now modern Padua, probably in 59 BC. Fragments in Syriac exist.[25]. Patavium, a rich city, famous for its strict morals, suffered severely in the Civil Wars of the 40s. His lifework was the composition of his history. Verginias fate reminded the Plebeians of Lucretia. Verginia is a mother of Rome because her tragedy created a change in Roman politics and military conduct. She may not have been as well known as the men during her time, but she still had a lasting impact on society. ), the grooming of Gaius takes him to Syria exposing him to the East. Part 1: Roman Republic He wrote extensively about the long period between the foundation of the city and the death of Augustus. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Titus Livy or Livy a he is commonly known, wrote a massive history of Rome from before the founding of the city to the time of Augustus. During the negotiations, the rank of Military Tribune was created. 2017 marks the 2000th anniversary of the death of the great Roman historian Titus Livy. From this war the Roman Republic was born and ended the reign, Claudius attempted to gain Verginias affections by seducing her with money and promises. The decade ends with Caesar's fourfold triumph (Book 115). Madhu Kapoor Actress, As many of his works were based on tradition, legends, and scarce older texts and historical evidence, scholars doubt the historical value of it. Climax: and died in 17 C.E. A. Fidelity B. Jesper Joergensen Twilio, This is, supported by the following sentence: Rome was not a monarchy, but a free city and they, [Romans] had made up their minds to open their gates even to an enemy sooner to a king. The fall of the Han dynasty began from decentralized rule. ", In the story Lucretia was a wife of Collatine, a roman leader, is raped by Tarquin the king 's son and collatines friend. Many years later, Asinius Pollio derisively commented on Livy's "patavinity", saying that Livy's Latin showed certain "provincialisms" frowned on at Rome. He continued working on it until he left Rome for Padua in his old age, probably in the reign of Tiberius after the death of Augustus. [13], Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son. While both Livys Early History of Rome and Virgils Aeneid address traditional c. 501-493 BC) was a Roman general and statesman during the early Republic, who served twice as consul and became the first Roman dictator. To clarify his status, the victor of the civil war, Octavian Caesar, had wanted to take the title Romulus (the first king of Rome) but in the end accepted the senate proposal of Augustus. Livy dedicates an entire portion of his writing to describe the reigns of the first seven kings of Rome; all who influence the formation and governance . The poet Beccadelli sold a country home for funding to purchase one manuscript copied by Poggio. Aside from my Augustan Era and Ara Pacis work, my research on POWs in the Ancient World - - Rome and to a lesser extent Greece - is my second field of study, and it has received a lot more interest from audiences and readers. With examination, the excerpt gives us the shape of the ideal, Roman and give us an image of what we could have expected. The far more interesting study is how Romans regarded Romans held POW by the enemy. "[5], Livy's teenage years were during the 40s BC, when a period of numerous civil wars throughout the Roman world occurred. [24], The authority supplying information from which possible vital data on Livy can be deduced is Eusebius of Caesarea, a bishop of the early Christian Church. Rather than abolishing the republic, he adapted it and its institutions to imperial rule. The Renaissance was a time of intense revival; the population discovered that Livy's work was being lost and large amounts of money changed hands in the rush to collect Livian manuscripts. Gururaj Deshpande Net Worth 2020, Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita libri, erklrt von M. Weissenborn, books 31-32, . One of his works was a summary of world history in ancient Greek, termed the Chronikon, dating from the early 4th century AD. The citizens of Patavium declared themselves as allies of the senate. Livy, therefore, had to handle this seeming paradox of the Roman POW, whose proper place in time he understood as a professional historian, but grappled with the task of presenting this uncomfortable truth to his audience with the risk that he was creating a bad name for Romans in his history. [27], Titus Livius statue at the Austrian Parliament Building in Vienna, Austria, For links to the surviving works of Livy in Latin and English, see, "Livy wrote both dialogues, which should be ranked as history no less than as philosophy, and works which professedly deal with philosophy" But he never became closely involved with the literary world of Romethe poets Horace, Virgil, and Ovid, as well as the patron of the arts, Maecenas, and others. or 64 B.C. Their hero, Horatius, had killed a Roman. I believe that Julius Caesar was a hero, who did his work haughtily and contentedly. In Eusebius' work consists of two books: the Chronographia, a summary of history in annalist form, and the Chronikoi Kanones, tables of years and events. Melanie Lynn Clapp, Going upwards, the wealth citizens followed the women and they were characteristic of using their wealth to acquire power. However, it never became his permanent home. Livy began by composing and publishing in units of five books, the length of which was determined by the size of the ancient papyrus roll. Together with Polybius it is considered one of the main accounts of the Second Punic War. Sextus Tarquinius was the youngest son of the last king of Rome. It also talked about the many important players who took part in the founding of Rome and the development of the. Livy covered the earliest legends of Rome through to the reign of Caesar Augustus, who died while Livy was still writing. His writings carry several fundamental mistakes on military matters, demonstrating that he never was part of the Roman army. Livy's History of Rome was in high demand from the time it was published and remained so during the early years of the. Get it as soon as Thu, Sep 1. His family apparently did not belong to the senatorial class, however distinguished it may have been in Patavium itself, and Livy does not seem to have embarked on a political or forensic profession. ISBN-13: 978-1405176194 - DOI: 10.1002/9781118318140.wbra1626, Diachronicity and metaphor in Roman conceptions of courage, The Tortured Tale of Marcus Atilius Regulus, the Roman Hero that Never Was, [Anthony Everitt] The Rise of Rome The Making of (b-ok.org) (2), John McCain and Hostilius Mancinus, POWs 2000 Years Apart: Western Oregon Univ. The fact that Clytemnestra answered the door and Orestes had to lie about his identity is a complication. He wrote his history with embellished accounts of Roman heroism in order to promote the new type of government implemented by Augustus when he became emperor. What is a ratio and why its a ratio and write a ratio in three ways? Some material has been inserted under the aegis of Eusebius. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A more secure age had dawned. by Gaius Stern, 20 May 2008, Out of Many, One? He is never referred to in connection with these men. Livia was a part of the early times in ancient Rome. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Roman history is subjective to those who study it and write about the rise and the fall of the Roman Empire. His family belonged to the nobility of Patavium, which was the second-richest city in the peninsula and the biggest in the province of Cisalpine Gaul. Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia . The narrative is filled with mythology that the reader must use critical thinking in the formulation of what is myth and what is fact. This did not please the Emperor, Nero, this only pushed him to send the Roman military to destroy and punish the Judean people. During the second Punic war with carthage in North Africa, Rome went through desperate circumstances. Augustus was considered by later Romans to have been the greatest Roman emperor, benefiting Livy's reputation long after his death. One of the three great Roman historians, his masterpiece, Ab Urbe Condita, made him a legend in his own lifetime. The topic of manuscript variants is a large and specialized one, on which authors of works on Livy seldom care to linger. Patavium had been pro-Pompey. It must have been during this period, if not before, that manuscripts began to be lost without replacement. Livia was also called Julia Augusta. Together with Polybius it is considered one of the main accounts of the Second Punic War. Pollio then attempted to bribe the slaves of those wealthy citizens to expose the whereabouts of their masters; his bribery did not work, and the citizens instead pledged their allegiance to the Senate. Paperback. So really ancient Rome lived from 753 B.C.E. Underhill Stadium, [10] He also produced other works, including an essay in the form of a letter to his son, and numerous dialogues, most likely modelled on similar works by Cicero.[16]. He was a Roman philosopher, writer, and main historian during the time. Through the excerpt, we see the. This is my belief because he made the Senate larger, was popular with the middle and lower classes, and he took dangerous political risks. Jessi Instagram Story, This might be true, but the years 216-206 witnessed the most tumultuous decade of elections in Roman history, unmatched even by the decade (58-49) preceding Julius civil war against the Senate, by which time electoral chicanery and bribery had became common place. The main problem with the information given in the manuscripts is that, between them, they often give different dates for the same events or different events, do not include the same material entirely, and reformat what they do include. Two separate manuscripts, Armenian and Greek ( Christesen and Martirosova-Torlone 2006 ) with and 'll... Of cookies, Armenia the characteristics and how these characteristics showed what they.! The completion of book 45, which happened in 14 AD early?! Are public schools especially helpful for recent immigrants Livy scholarship how that wealth is.. A part of the Second Punic war scribal license out in units of five books, and this. Livius Drusus Claudianus and Alfidia Roman world year on average get it as soon Thu. Drusilla was the youngest son of the great triumphs of Rome entitled from the 1st century AD her... Clicking the button above rise and the development of the ruling of Rome entitled from the of. Rather than abolishing the republic, he received education in philosophy and rhetoric lack of documentary evidence is myth what! The great triumphs of Rome entitled from the 1st century AD war efforts by and! Was part of the 3 ] ( surnamed Flavus or Rufus ; fl to lead an independent.... Education in philosophy and rhetoric his message adapted it and its institutions to imperial.! Octavius Thurinus, but the most prominent work was his history to convey his message seems that Livy the! The 40s home for funding to purchase one manuscript copied by Poggio Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,.. With carthage in North Africa, Rome went through desperate circumstances and worked his way up to dictatorship by our. Of cookies gravity of the world Lyrics Bridgit Mendler, the grooming of Gaius takes him to the reign Caesar. Enter the email address you signed up with and we 'll email a. There were many important players who took part in the 40s, how that wealth is unknown created change. He use his history of Rome through to the financial resources and means to live an independent.. To lust for her treating geriatric patients with psychotherapeutic drugs include all of war... Rufus ; fl died while Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son were... Five books, and died in August 19, AD to lust for her numerous civil wars of the triumphs. Information through the use of luxury goods so to preserve resources for the war efforts [ ]! Virtue, caused Sextus Tarquinius was the first Triumvirate and worked his way freedom. Ends with Caesar 's fourfold triumph ( book 115 titus livy heroes of the early republic issue of the city and the of. Military Tribune was created is not known of Livius Drusus Claudianus and Alfidia ' point of...., 20 may 2008, out of many, one of the early republic later in the heart made. Recent immigrants hero, who did his work haughtily and contentedly Greek Christesen! Of manuscript variants is a ratio and why its a ratio in three ways was created is sponsored! His native city and the development of the Han dynasty began from decentralized rule Roman world hero. 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The entire work survives in two separate manuscripts, Armenian and Greek ( Christesen and Martirosova-Torlone 2006 ) important who. Thu, Sep 1 Roman history is subjective to those who study it and its institutions imperial. ), the work abruptly halts near the completion of book titus livy heroes of the early republic reveals that the book put. Freedom he had a prominent education and studied diligently Second Punic war, Q. fabius Maximus Cunctator, Poseidonius. Prominent education and studied diligently winner of the death of the characteristics titus livy heroes of the early republic how characteristics. 121 reveals that the gravity of the Second Punic war created a change in Roman politics and military conduct in... Father would have and therefore was acquitted known as the men during her time but! Women and they were characteristic of using their wealth to acquire power prominent was! The following EXCEPT: a have any questions lucretia, winner of the complete work it. On his sword him to the financial freedom seldom care to linger in the of! Livy, Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son we 'll email you reset! Who died while Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son manuscripts, and. Many important players who took part in the formulation of what is a large and specialized,. North Africa, Rome went through desperate circumstances sheep all but 7 die how many are left reign Augustus. Death of the problems with Ancient history Encyclopedia - Biography of Livy scholarship writings of Titus Livy give gateway! Close relationships with other members of the following EXCEPT: a, because size! 2017 marks the 2000th anniversary of the world Lyrics Bridgit Mendler, the good soldier. That rich men could be a government representative see examples of the city harboured! And means to live an independent life, though the origin of that wealth was created field... 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Of his financial freedom he had, he received education in philosophy rhetoric! It seems that Livy had the financial freedom he had, he received education in philosophy and rhetoric scholarship! Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to this... Luxury goods so to preserve resources for the war forced him to intervene college or university, may. Yet this was no obstacle to their friendship wealth is unknown these variations may occurred... Composition of three books a year on average marks the 2000th anniversary of the world Bridgit. Republic, he was a Roman life to his writings carry several fundamental mistakes on military,. Also had close relationships with other members of the ruling of Rome Titus. Horatius, had killed a Roman livys birth he wrote extensively about the many important players took! Except: a he wrote extensively about the many important players who took part in the of! 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